Enterobacteria responsible for urinary infections: a review about pathogenicity, virulence factors and epidemiology

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common types of bacterial infections in humans, bothin the community and in health care settings. UTIs include a range of clinical entities ranging in severityfrom asymptomatic infection to acute cystitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, and urethritis. This is one of themost common diseases encountered in medical practice today, affecting people of all ages, from newborn togeriatric age group. The bacteria most commonly implicated as agents responsible for UTIs generally originatein the intestine and include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiellaspp., Staphylococcus spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Candida spp. There arevirulence factors of urinary pathogens that promote adhesion to mucosal surfaces and subsequent infections.The multiresistant of these enterobacteria responsible for UTIs is a major public health problem. Antibioticresistance remains a major problem, especially in the developing countries where hygiene conditions are stillprecarious and antibiotic use is often abusive and poorly controlled. The multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceaemost implicated in UTIs by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemase production are:Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, and Proteus spp., not to mention Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonasaeruginosa, the most carbapenemase producing. The detection of ESBL and carbapenemase production isbased mainly on phenotypic and genotypic tests.

Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Activities of Tannins Extracted from Zizyphus mauritiana in Mali

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate tannins extracted from Ziziphus mauritiana as source of potential antimalarial and antimicrobial agents in Mali.Place and Duration of Study: Collection of plant materials, tannins extraction, antibacterial activity evaluation were done at University od Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali and antiplasmodial activity assessment at Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WeillCornell Medicine, New York, United States of America between September 2013 and February 2014Methods: We extracted tannins from leaves of Z. mauritiana collectedaround Bamako, Mali. Antiplasmodialactivity was evaluated against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparumusing the fluorescence based SYBR® green I method. Antibacterial activity of tannins was evaluated by disc diffusion method againststrains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Streptococcus andStaphylococcus aureus donated by the National Research Institute in Public Health in Mali and collected from infected patients suffering from different diseases.Results: Tannins extracts from leaves of Z. mauritiana showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 P. falciparum (46.9±1.12 ?g/mL) and against Dd2 P. falciparum strains (67.8±2.39?g/mL). They showed also an antibacterial activity on different bacterial strains showing important inhibition zones. Conclusion: Tannins extractedfrom Z. mauritiana demonstrated good antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities.These data confirm the potential use of tannins as a key element in antimalarial and antibacterial drug development.